The Upper Mustang Trek is a rare and extraordinary journey that takes trekkers through the mystical region of Upper Mustang, a once-forbidden kingdom that lies within the vast landscapes of Nepal. Nestled behind the mighty Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges, this region offers a unique blend of cultural immersion, breathtaking scenery, and an exploration of ancient Tibetan Buddhist traditions. Trekking to Upper Mustang is not just a physical adventure; it is a profound journey through time, offering insights into a way of life that has remained untouched by modernity for centuries.
Upper Mustang, also known as the Kingdom of Lo, is a remote and arid region located in the northern part of Nepal. This area, once an independent kingdom, was only opened to foreign trekkers in 1992. The region’s seclusion has helped preserve its rich cultural heritage, making it one of the most culturally intact areas in the Himalayas. The landscape of Upper Mustang is characterized by its stark, desert-like environment, deep canyons, and towering cliffs. The region is often described as a “high desert” due to its dry and barren conditions, which contrast sharply with the lush green hills of lower Nepal.
The Upper Mustang region is deeply intertwined with Tibetan Buddhism, and it is one of the last places where this ancient religion is practiced in its purest form. The Lo Manthang, the walled capital of Upper Mustang, is the cultural and religious heart of the region. Here, trekkers can visit ancient monasteries, observe traditional Tibetan festivals, and interact with the local people, who still practice customs that have been passed down through generations. The region's monasteries, some of which date back over a thousand years, are adorned with intricate wall paintings and sculptures that depict Buddhist deities and stories from Tibetan mythology.
The landscape of Upper Mustang is unlike any other in Nepal. The region’s arid climate has created a rugged and barren terrain, with deep gorges, eroded cliffs, and stark, red-rock formations. The absence of vegetation in much of the region gives it a desolate, almost otherworldly appearance. The Kali Gandaki River, which runs through Mustang, is the deepest river gorge in the world and serves as a natural barrier, separating Mustang from the rest of Nepal. The river valley is flanked by towering cliffs and dotted with caves, some of which have been used as dwellings and meditation retreats by monks for centuries.
Trekking to Upper Mustang is a unique experience that differs significantly from other treks in Nepal. The region’s remote location and challenging terrain make it less crowded than popular trekking routes like the Everest or Annapurna regions. This solitude allows trekkers to fully immerse themselves in the region’s pristine beauty and ancient culture. The trek usually begins in Jomsom, a town in the Kali Gandaki Valley, and follows the river northwards towards Lo Manthang. Along the way, trekkers pass through traditional Tibetan villages, each with its own monastery and distinctive architecture.
The trek to Upper Mustang is moderate in difficulty, with several high-altitude passes to cross. However, the physical challenges are more than compensated by the breathtaking scenery and the opportunity to explore one of the most culturally rich regions in the Himalayas. The best time to undertake this trek is during the spring and autumn months when the weather is stable, and the skies are clear, offering unobstructed views of the surrounding mountains.
One of the highlights of the Upper Mustang Trek is the opportunity to immerse oneself in the local culture and interact with the people of Mustang. The locals, known as Lobas, are of Tibetan descent and have their own distinct language, customs, and traditions. Trekkers can visit local homes, participate in traditional Tibetan tea ceremonies, and even witness the preparation of local dishes like Tsampa (roasted barley flour) and Thukpa (noodle soup). The Tiji Festival, held annually in Lo Manthang, is a major cultural event that draws visitors from all over the region. This three-day festival features elaborate masked dances and rituals that depict the triumph of good over evil.
Your journey begins in the bustling capital of Nepal, Kathmandu. As you arrive at Tribhuvan International Airport, the vibrant energy of the city welcomes you. Kathmandu is a city steeped in history, with its ancient temples, bustling markets, and narrow alleyways. After settling into your hotel, take some time to explore the nearby Thamel area, a popular spot for trekkers and tourists alike. The day is reserved for relaxation and last-minute preparations for the trek ahead.
After an early breakfast, we embark on a scenic drive from Kathmandu to Pokhara, a journey that takes approximately 6-7 hours by private vehicle. The drive offers a visual feast of lush green hills, terraced fields, and distant mountain views as we follow the winding roads along the Trishuli River. As we approach Pokhara, the towering peaks of the Annapurna and Machhapuchhre ranges come into view, reflecting in the serene waters of Phewa Lake. Pokhara, known as the gateway to the Annapurna region, is a tranquil city with a relaxed atmosphere. Upon arrival, we check into our hotel and can spend the evening strolling along the lakeside, enjoying the views of the surrounding mountains.
The adventure truly begins today with an early morning flight from Pokhara to Jomsom, a 20-minute journey that offers breathtaking aerial views of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges. The flight lands in Jomsom, the administrative center of the Mustang district, where the landscape shifts dramatically to arid, rocky terrain, a stark contrast to the lush valleys below.
From Jomsom, we start our trek, following the Kali Gandaki River northwards to Kagbeni. The trek is relatively easy and takes about 3-4 hours. Kagbeni, a picturesque village at the confluence of the Kali Gandaki and Jhong Rivers, marks the gateway to Upper Mustang. The village is characterized by its ancient mud-brick houses, narrow alleys, and the beautiful Kag Chode Thupten Samphel Ling Monastery. Kagbeni’s medieval charm, with its traditional Tibetan-style houses and prayer flags fluttering in the wind, gives trekkers a taste of the ancient culture that awaits further north.
Today’s trek takes us deeper into the Mustang region, as we leave Kagbeni and head towards Chele. The trail follows the Kali Gandaki River, passing through the village of Tangbe. Tangbe is a labyrinth of narrow alleys lined with whitewashed houses, apple orchards, and barley fields. The village offers stunning views of the Nilgiri peaks and provides a glimpse into the traditional Mustang lifestyle.
Continuing on, we reach Chhusang, a small village nestled at the base of a cliff where the Kali Gandaki River runs through a narrow gorge. The vibrant red cliffs that surround Chhusang are striking, and the village itself is a peaceful place with a small monastery and charming stone houses.
From Chhusang, the trail crosses a bridge and ascends steeply to the village of Chele. The climb is challenging, but the panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and the Kali Gandaki Valley make it worthwhile. Chele, perched on a ridge, offers a sense of isolation and serenity, with its traditional stone houses and narrow pathways. The day’s trek takes about 5-6 hours, and as we settle into our tea house for the night, we can reflect on the stark beauty of Mustang’s rugged landscapes.
The journey from Chele to Syanboche is one of the more challenging days of the trek, as we ascend to higher altitudes and navigate steep ridges. The trail begins with a steep climb up to the Taklam La Pass (3,624m), offering magnificent views of the surrounding valleys and distant mountains. The arid, desert-like terrain, with its barren cliffs and wind-swept landscapes, creates a sense of otherworldly beauty.
As we continue, the trail descends into the village of Samar, a small settlement surrounded by poplar trees and terraced fields. The village is a welcome resting point, with its serene atmosphere and the distant sound of prayer flags fluttering in the wind. From Samar, the trail climbs again, passing through the Rangchyung Cave, a sacred site believed to have self-emerged Buddha statues.
The final stretch of the day takes us through deep gorges and past ancient chortens before arriving in Syanboche. Syanboche is a small, peaceful village offering basic accommodations and stunning views of the surrounding mountains. The day’s trek, which takes about 6-7 hours, ends with a well-deserved rest as we acclimatize to the higher altitudes.
Leaving Syanboche, the trail today leads us to the village of Ghami. The trek begins with an ascent to the Yamada La Pass (3,850m), one of the highest points of the trek, offering breathtaking panoramic views of the Mustang region. The landscape is marked by rolling hills, ancient chortens, and distant snow-capped peaks.
Descending from the pass, we pass through the village of Geling, a charming settlement with a few traditional houses, fields, and a small monastery. Geling offers a peaceful respite, and the villager’s hospitality is a warm welcome.
Continuing on, we cross the Nyi La Pass (4,010m), another high point that offers stunning views of the surrounding valleys. The descent from the pass is steep, leading us into the fertile valley where Ghami is located. Ghami is one of the larger villages in Upper Mustang, surrounded by fields of barley and buckwheat. The village is known for its impressive Ghami Monastery and the ancient Mani wall, one of the longest in Nepal, adorned with intricately carved stones.
The day’s trek, which takes about 5-6 hours, concludes in Ghami, where we settle into a local tea house. The evening can be spent exploring the village or simply enjoying the tranquility of the valley.
Today’s trek takes us from Ghami to Charang, another culturally rich village in Upper Mustang. The trail begins with a descent through fields and pastures before crossing a suspension bridge over the Tangmar Chu River. The landscape here is marked by barren hills, deep gorges, and distant views of snow-capped peaks.
As we continue, we reach the Charang La Pass (3,870m), offering a dramatic panorama of the Mustang landscape. The trail then descends into the Charang Valley, where the village of Charang is located. Charang, also known as Tsarang, is the second-largest village in Upper Mustang and is home to the Charang Monastery and the Royal Palace.
The Charang Monastery is one of the most significant religious sites in Mustang, housing an extensive collection of ancient scriptures, statues, and thangkas (Buddhist paintings). The village itself is surrounded by terraced fields and offers stunning views of the Nilgiri and Annapurna ranges.
The day’s trek, which takes about 4-5 hours, ends in Charang, where we can explore the monastery, visit the old palace, and interact with the local community. The evening is spent in a tea house, with the serene atmosphere of Charang providing a perfect backdrop for rest and reflection.
Today’s trek is one of the most anticipated as we make our way to the ancient walled city of Lo Manthang, the capital of the former Kingdom of Lo. The trail begins with a descent into a gorge, crossing a river before ascending to the Lo La Pass (3,950m). As we reach the top of the pass, the first sight of Lo Manthang comes into view—a stunning, white-walled city set against the barren hills of Mustang.
Descending from the pass, we enter the plains leading to Lo Manthang. The city is surrounded by a protective wall, with its narrow streets, ancient monasteries, and traditional Tibetan houses. Lo Manthang is a cultural treasure trove, with its rich history, unique architecture, and vibrant community.
Upon arrival, we check into a local guesthouse and spend the rest of the day exploring the city. The key attractions in Lo Manthang include the Jampa Lhakhang (God House), Thubchen Gompa, and the Royal Palace. Each of these sites offers a glimpse into the spiritual and cultural heritage of Mustang.
The day’s trek takes about 4-5 hours, and as we settle in for the night, we are surrounded by the ancient history and mystique of this once-forbidden kingdom.
Lo Manthang is a city that deserves more than just a passing glance, and today is dedicated to exploring its many wonders. The day begins with a visit to the Jampa Lhakhang, one of the oldest and most important monasteries in Mustang. Also known as the "God House," this monastery is renowned for its three-story statue of Maitreya Buddha and the intricate wall paintings that adorn its interiors.
Next, we visit the Thubchen Gompa, a large assembly hall and monastery built in the 15th century. The gompa is a marvel of Tibetan architecture, with its massive red pillars, ornate wooden carvings, and ancient frescoes depicting Buddhist deities and mandalas.
In the afternoon, we explore the Royal Palace, the former residence of the King of Lo. Although the monarchy was officially abolished in 2008, the palace remains a symbol of the region’s rich history. The palace offers insights into the royal lifestyle and the governance of the Kingdom of Lo. We also have the opportunity to visit the surrounding villages of Namik and Thinggar, where we can witness the traditional lifestyle of the local Lobas and visit smaller monasteries and chortens.
The day is spent soaking in the unique atmosphere of Lo Manthang, with its blend of history, spirituality, and traditional Tibetan culture. As the sun sets over the ancient city, we return to our guesthouse, enriched by the deep cultural experience.
Leaving the ancient city of Lo Manthang behind, we begin our journey back, taking a different route through the remote and rugged landscapes of Mustang. The trail today leads us to the village of Dhakmar, known for its striking red cliffs and unique rock formations.
The trek begins with a climb to the Chogo La Pass (4,230m), the highest point of the entire trek. The ascent is challenging, but the reward is panoramic views of the Mustang region, with its endless ridges, deep valleys, and distant peaks.
Descending from the pass, we pass through the village of Ghar Gompa, one of the oldest monasteries in Mustang. Ghar Gompa, associated with Guru Rinpoche, is a revered pilgrimage site and is believed to grant wishes to those who visit. The monastery is adorned with ancient murals and statues, and its remote location adds to its mystical atmosphere.
Continuing on, the trail descends further into the valley, leading us to Dhakmar. The village is surrounded by towering red cliffs, which are believed to be stained with the blood of demons defeated by Guru Rinpoche. Dhakmar’s unique landscape, combined with its rich mythology, makes it a fascinating place to explore.
The day’s trek, which takes about 6-7 hours, ends in Dhakmar, where we stay in a local tea house. The evening is spent enjoying the peaceful atmosphere of the village, with the red cliffs glowing in the light of the setting sun.
Today’s trek takes us from Dhakmar back to Ghiling, retracing our steps through the dramatic landscapes of Upper Mustang. The trail begins with a gentle ascent, passing through the Ghar Gompa once again, offering a chance to revisit this sacred site and make any final wishes.
As we continue, the trail ascends to the Nyi La Pass, offering stunning views of the surrounding valleys and distant snow-capped peaks. The landscape is a mix of arid hills, deep gorges, and ancient chortens, creating a sense of timelessness.
Descending from the pass, we reach the village of Ghiling, where we stay in a local tea house. The village, with its traditional houses and terraced fields, offers a peaceful respite after the day’s trek. The evening can be spent exploring the village or simply relaxing and enjoying the tranquil atmosphere.
The day’s trek takes about 5-6 hours, and as we settle in for the night, we reflect on the journey through Mustang’s rugged landscapes and rich cultural heritage.
The trek from Ghiling to Chhuksang takes us back through the familiar landscapes of Upper Mustang, as we descend from the high-altitude regions to the lower valleys. The trail is mostly downhill, passing through barren hills, ancient villages, and deep gorges.
As we descend, the landscape becomes greener, with the arid, desert-like terrain giving way to fertile valleys and terraced fields. The trail follows the Kali Gandaki River, offering stunning views of the surrounding mountains and the river gorge.
The village of Chhuksang is a peaceful settlement located at the confluence of the Kali Gandaki and Narshing Khola rivers. The village is surrounded by towering cliffs, ancient chortens, and traditional stone houses. Chhuksang offers a glimpse into the daily life of the Mustang people, with its simple, traditional lifestyle.
The day’s trek takes about 5-6 hours, and as we settle into our tea house for the night, we can enjoy the peaceful atmosphere of the village, with the sound of the river flowing nearby.
The final day of trekking takes us from Chhuksang back to Jomsom, where the trek began. The trail follows the Kali Gandaki River southwards, passing through the village of Kagbeni, where we stayed earlier in the trek.
As we descend, the landscape becomes more familiar, with the arid terrain giving way to the greener valleys of Lower Mustang. The trail is mostly flat, making for an easy and enjoyable walk as we take in the last views of the Mustang region.
Upon reaching Jomsom, we check into our hotel and can spend the evening exploring the town or relaxing after the long trek. Jomsom, with its modern amenities and beautiful setting, offers a comfortable end to the trek.
The day’s trek takes about 6-7 hours, and as we settle in for the night, we reflect on the incredible journey through Upper Mustang and the unique experiences we’ve had along the way.
After breakfast, we board a morning flight from Jomsom to Pokhara, bidding farewell to the Mustang region. The short flight offers stunning aerial views of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges, providing a fitting end to the trekking adventure.
Upon arrival in Pokhara, we check into our hotel and have the rest of the day free to explore the city. Pokhara, with its serene lakes, vibrant markets, and stunning mountain views, is a perfect place to unwind after the trek. We can spend the day visiting local attractions such as Davis Falls, and Gupteshwor Cave, or simply relaxing by Phewa Lake.
After breakfast, we embark on a scenic drive back to Kathmandu, retracing the route we took at the beginning of the trek. The drive takes about 6-7 hours and offers a final opportunity to enjoy the beautiful landscapes of Nepal.
For those who prefer a quicker option, an alternative is to take a short flight from Pokhara to Kathmandu, which takes about 30 minutes. Upon arrival in Kathmandu, we check into our hotel and have the rest of the day free to explore the city or do some last- minute shopping for souvenirs.
Today marks the end of our incredible journey through the Upper Mustang Trek. After breakfast, depending on your flight schedule, you may have some free time to explore more of Kathmandu or relax before your departure. We’ll transfer you to Tribhuvan International Airport for your flight home, with unforgettable memories of the trek through one of the most unique and culturally rich regions in the world.
Trekking in Upper Mustang is not without its challenges. The region’s high altitude, with passes reaching over 4,000 meters, can be physically demanding, especially for those not accustomed to trekking at such elevations. The dry and windy conditions can also be harsh, with temperatures dropping significantly at night. However, the rewards of trekking in the Upper Mustang far outweigh these challenges. The sense of isolation and remoteness, coupled with the region’s unique cultural and natural beauty, makes this trek an unforgettable experience.
As tourism in Upper Mustang continues to grow, there is an increasing need to balance the influx of visitors with the preservation of the region’s fragile environment and cultural heritage. Local and international organizations are working together to promote sustainable tourism practices that benefit the local communities while minimizing the environmental impact. Trekkers are encouraged to respect local customs, avoid littering, and support eco-friendly accommodations and services. By doing so, we can help ensure that the Upper Mustang Trek remains a pristine and culturally rich experience for future generations.
Due to its proximity to the Tibetan border and its cultural significance, Upper Mustang is a restricted area, and special permits are required to trek here. Trekkers must obtain the Upper Mustang Restricted Area Permit, which is issued by the Nepalese government and costs significantly more than permits for other trekking regions in Nepal.
Additionally, trekkers are required to be accompanied by a licensed guide and must be part of a registered trekking agency. These regulations are in place to preserve the region’s cultural heritage and to ensure that tourism has a minimal impact on the local environment and communities.
Choosing the right time to embark on the Upper Mustang Trek is crucial for an enjoyable and rewarding experience. The best time to trek to Upper Mustang is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) seasons.
During Spring (March to May), the region comes alive with vibrant colors as the wildflowers bloom, and the weather is generally mild and stable. The skies are clear, offering breathtaking views of the surrounding Himalayan peaks. This season is particularly popular because it coincides with the famous Tiji Festival in Lo Manthang. Autumn (September to November) is another ideal time. The weather is crisp and cool, with clear skies and stunning visibility. The post-monsoon freshness adds a distinct charm to the landscapes, making the barren terrain even more striking. The stable weather conditions also make it safer and more comfortable to traverse the high-altitude passes.
Although Upper Mustang lies in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges, making it one of the few regions in Nepal unaffected by the monsoon rains, trekking during Monsoon (June to August) can still be challenging due to the humidity and the possibility of occasional downpours. However, this can be an offbeat option for those looking for a more secluded experience.
Accommodation in Upper Mustang is relatively basic but comfortable, with options ranging from traditional tea houses to small guesthouses. As the region is remote and less developed compared to other trekking areas in Nepal, the facilities are modest but sufficient for the needs of trekkers. Tea Houses are the most common form of accommodation in Upper Mustang. Tea houses are simple lodges that offer basic amenities, including a bed, a blanket, and sometimes a shared bathroom. The rooms are typically twin-sharing, with beds arranged along the walls. Tea houses also have communal dining areas where meals are served. In towns like Lo Manthang and Jomsom, trekkers can find slightly more comfortable guesthouses that offer private rooms with attached bathrooms. Some guesthouses may also have solar-powered hot showers and basic Wi-Fi facilities.
Meals in Upper Mustang are typically simple, hearty, and nutritious, designed to provide the necessary energy for trekking. The menu is largely influenced by Tibetan and Nepali cuisine, with a focus on locally available ingredients. A staple Nepali dish consisting of steamed rice and lentil soup, often served with vegetable curry, pickles, and occasionally, meat. A traditional Tibetan dish made from roasted barley flour, often mixed with butter tea or water to form a dough-like consistency. A nourishing noodle soup with vegetables and sometimes meat, ideal for warming up after a long day of trekking. Steamed or fried dumplings filled with vegetables or meat, commonly served with a spicy dipping sauce.
The ideal time to embark on the Upper Mustang Trek is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) seasons. During these periods, the weather is typically stable, with clear skies and moderate temperatures, making the trekking conditions optimal. Spring offers blooming wildflowers and lush landscapes, while autumn provides crisp, clear views of the surrounding mountains and a vibrant display of fall foliage. Winter (December to February) can be very cold and may involve snow, while summer (June to August) sees some rainfall in the lower regions, but Upper Mustang itself remains relatively dry due to its location in the rain shadow.
Yes, trekking in Upper Mustang requires a Restricted Area Permit (RAP), as it is a protected region with limited access to preserve its unique culture and environment. The permit costs USD 500 per person for the first 10 days, with an additional USD 50 per day for any extra days. The permit can be obtained through a registered trekking agency in Nepal, and a minimum of two trekkers is required to obtain the RAP. Additionally, a TIMS (Trekker’s Information Management System) card is also necessary
for the trek.
The Upper Mustang Trek is considered moderate to challenging. The trek involves long hours of walking, with daily distances ranging from 5 to 7 hours, and altitudes reaching over 4,000 meters. The terrain is rugged, with steep ascents and descents, particularly when crossing passes like the Chogo La Pass at 4,230 meters. While prior trekking experience is beneficial, those with good physical fitness and stamina can complete the trek. Acclimatization to the altitude is crucial, so the trek itinerary is designed to allow gradual ascent to reduce the risk of altitude sickness.
Accommodation on the Upper Mustang Trek is provided by tea houses and local lodges. These are simple yet comfortable establishments run by local families, offering basic amenities such as a warm bed, shared bathrooms, and communal dining areas. Meals are typically Nepali dishes such as dal bhat (lentil soup with rice), along with other options like noodles, soups, and Tibetan bread. In remote areas, facilities may be more basic, with limited electricity and no Wi-Fi, providing an authentic and rustic experience of life in the Mustang region.
No, Upper Mustang is located in the rain shadow of the Himalayas, specifically sheltered by the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountain ranges. This unique geography means that the region receives very little rainfall, even during the monsoon season (June to August). As a result, Upper Mustang can be trekked in the summer, offering a drier and less crowded experience compared to other trekking regions in Nepal. The arid, desert-like landscapes of Mustang remain largely unaffected by the heavy rains that impact other parts of the country.
Yes, if you plan your trek for May, you can witness the Tiji Festival in Lo Manthang, which is one of the most significant cultural events in Upper Mustang. The Tiji Festival, also known as the “Prayer for World Peace” is a three-day ritual celebrating the triumph of good over evil. The festival features elaborate dances, masked performances by monks, and traditional ceremonies in the courtyards of the monasteries. Participating in the Tiji Festival provides a unique opportunity to immerse yourself in the rich Tibetan Buddhist culture of Mustang and witness centuries-old traditions being practiced in their
original setting.
